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When faced with financial crises, authorities worldwide tend to respond aggressively with public support measures. Given the adverse impact on moral hazard and market discipline, support measures involving public money are ideally limited to crisis situations involving systemic risk: a disturbance in the financial system that is serious enough to affect the real economy. This note sets out the main characteristics of a systemic risk assessment framework: a simple analytical framework that can be used by authorities with financial crisis management responsibilities in times of financial crisis to assess the extent to which that particular crisis situation poses systemic risk.

Access to information --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Central banks --- Debt Markets --- Deposit --- Deposit insurance --- Depositors --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crises --- Financial crisis --- Financial infrastructure --- Financial institutions --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial shock --- Financial support --- Financial system --- Financial Systems --- International Bank --- Liquidity --- Market discipline --- Moral hazard --- Private Sector Development --- Public funds --- Solvency --- Supervisory agencies

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• Reference Manager
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When faced with financial crises, authorities worldwide tend to respond aggressively with public support measures. Given the adverse impact on moral hazard and market discipline, support measures involving public money are ideally limited to crisis situations involving systemic risk: a disturbance in the financial system that is serious enough to affect the real economy. This note sets out the main characteristics of a systemic risk assessment framework: a simple analytical framework that can be used by authorities with financial crisis management responsibilities in times of financial crisis to assess the extent to which that particular crisis situation poses systemic risk.

Access to information --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Central banks --- Debt Markets --- Deposit --- Deposit insurance --- Depositors --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crises --- Financial crisis --- Financial infrastructure --- Financial institutions --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial shock --- Financial support --- Financial system --- Financial Systems --- International Bank --- Liquidity --- Market discipline --- Moral hazard --- Private Sector Development --- Public funds --- Solvency --- Supervisory agencies

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Chile has achieved high levels of financial inclusion relative to its level of economic development across a number of headline indicators. Unlike in other countries, gaps in account ownership between men and women, rich and poor, older and younger consumers, and rural consumers are not pronounced. Remaining challenges in financial inclusion include pockets of underserved segments and opportunities to further increase in online payments and digital financial services (DFS). There is also opportunity to improve the availability of savings, credit, and account products that are appropriately tailored to meet the needs of underserved consumers. Greater digitalization of the financial sector can help Chile to address some of the remaining challenges for financial inclusion in Chile. Several key elements of a well-functioning DFS ecosystem could be strengthened. At a broader level, the Fintech Bill should be passed to allow for greater innovation and competition in the financial sector. A range of opportunities exist to build off of Chile's relatively advanced national payments infrastructure to help further expand in low-value retail payments and digital payments. There are indications that interest rate caps have inadvertently constrained access to finance for Chilean microenterprises. Legal and regulatory reforms could be considered to encourage microsavings. Banco Estado has played a huge role in advancing financial inclusion in Chile. To move to the next stage of financial inclusion, it is recommended that a national financial inclusion strategy (NFIS) be developed that is holistic and comprehensive.

Competition.

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This Technical Note discusses household indebtedness issues in Chile from a financial consumer protection perspective. The note discusses over-indebtedness concerns and other creditrelated issues practices that appear to be adversely affecting consumers - particularly more vulnerable, lower income consumers - in Chile and gaps in the current financial consumer protection regulatory and supervisory framework needing to be bridged to assist in addressing these issues. The note considers both issues that had already manifested prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and developments during the pandemic. Importantly, the note highlights credit-related issues which warrant focus from a consumer protection perspective even if they may not necessarily be a concern from a stability perspective.

Consumer protection --- Citizen participation.

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This note assesses competitive dynamics and potential impediments in Chile's financial sector in order to provide actionable policy recommendations. This note contains both a quantitative as well as qualitative assessment of competition. The quantitative assessment explores market characteristics and dynamics, including market structure and concentration, cross-ownership and vertical integration, and customer conditions/consumer power. The quantitative assessment is complemented by a qualitative analysis of the regulatory and institutional framework to understand how private and public interventions shape market dynamics and result in specific market outcomes, including efficiency, degree of market power and consumer mobility (Figure 1). The note will focus primarily on the retail banking sector as well as payment systems and discuss competitive dynamics in other parts of the financial sector only to the extent that they affect these two areas, for example in the context of financial conglomerates.

Finance.